The Persian Empire of Ancient Iran

The Persian Empire of Ancient Iran Irans history as a country of individuals communicating in an Indo-European language didn't start until the center of the second thousand years B.C. Prior to at that point, Iran was involved by people groups with an assortment of societies. There are various antiques bearing witness to settled agribusiness, lasting sun-dried-block homes, and stoneware making from the 6th thousand years B.C. The most developed region innovatively was old Susiana, present-day Khuzestan Province. By the fourth thousand years, the occupants of Susiana, the Elamites, were utilizing semipictographic composing, likely gained from the exceptionally propelled human progress of Sumer in Mesopotamia (antiquated name for a great part of the region currently known as Iraq), toward the west. Sumerian impact in workmanship, writing, and religion likewise turned out to be especially solid when the Elamites were involved by, or if nothing else went under the control of, two Mesopotamian societies, those of Akkad and Ur, during the center of the third thousand years. By 2000 B.C. the Elamites had gotten adequately bound together to wreck the city of Ur. Elamite human advancement grew quickly starting there, and, by the fourteenth century B.C., its craft was at its generally noteworthy. Migration of the Medes and the Persians Little gatherings of migrant, horse-riding people groups communicating in Indo-European dialects started moving into the Iranian social territory from Central Asia close to the furthest limit of the second thousand years B.C. Populace pressures, overgrazing in their home region, and threatening neighbors may have incited these relocations. A portion of the gatherings settled in eastern Iran, yet others, the individuals who were to leave huge authentic records, pushed farther west toward the Zagros Mountains. Three significant gatherings are identifiablethe Scythians, the Medes (the Amadai or Mada), and the Persians (otherwise called the Parsua or Parsa). The Scythians set up themselves in the northern Zagros Mountains and clung to a seminomadic presence in which striking was the central type of financial undertaking. The Medes settled over a tremendous zone, coming to the extent present day Tabriz in the north and Esfahan in the south. They had their capital at Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan) and every year paid tribute to the Assyrians. The Persians were set up in three territories: toward the south of Lake Urmia (the tradional name, additionally refered to as Lake Orumiyeh, to which it has returned in the wake of being called Lake Rezaiyeh under the Pahlavis), on the northern fringe of the realm of the Elamites; and in the environs of current Shiraz, which would be their inevitable settling place and to which they would give the name Parsa (what is generally present-day Fars Province). During the seventh century B.C., the Persians were driven by Hakamanish (Achaemenes, in Greek), progenitor of the Achaemenid line. A relative, Cyrus II (otherwise called Cyrus the Great or Cyrus the Elder), drove the joined powers of the Medes and the Persians to set up the most broad realm known in the antiquated world. By 546 B.C., Cyrus had crushed Croesus*, the Lydian ruler of legendary riches, and had made sure about control of the Aegean shoreline of Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Greek coloniesâ along the Levant. Moving east, he took Parthia (place that is known for the Arsacids, not to be mistaken for Parsa, which was toward the southwest), Chorasmis, and Bactria. He attacked and caught Babylon in 539 and discharged the Jews who had been held hostage there, in this manner gaining his deification in the Book of Isaiah. At the point when he kicked the bucket in 529**, Cyruss realm reached out as far east as the Hindu Kush in present-day Afghanistan. His replacements were less effective. Cyruss unsteady child, Cambyses II, vanquished Egypt however later ended it all during a revolt drove by a minister, Gaumata, who usurped the seat until ousted in 522 by an individual from a parallel part of the Achaemenid family, Darius I (otherwise called Darayarahush or Darius the Great). Darius assaulted the Greek terrain, which had upheld insubordinate Greek provinces under his aegis, however because of his destruction at the Battle of Marathon in 490â was compelled to withdraw the restrictions of the domain to Asia Minor. The Achaemenids from there on solidified territories immovably under their influence. It was Cyrus and Darius who, by sound and farsighted regulatory arranging, splendid military moving, and a humanistic perspective, built up the significance of the Achaemenids and in under thirty years raised them from a dark clan to a politically influential nation. The nature of the Achaemenids as rulers broke down, nonetheless, after the passing of Darius in 486. His child and replacement, Xerxes, was essentially busy with stifling rebellions in Egypt and Babylonia. He additionally endeavored to overcome the Greek Peloponnesus, however empowered by a triumph at Thermopylae, he overextended his powers and endured overpowering thrashings at Salamis and Plataea. When his replacement, Artaxerxes I, kicked the bucket in 424, the magnificent court was plagued by factionalism among the horizontal family branches, a condition that continued until the demise in 330 of the remainder of the Achaemenids, Darius III, on account of his own subjects. The Achaemenids were edified dictators who permitted a specific measure of territorial independence as the satrapy framework. A satrapy was a regulatory unit, generally sorted out on a land premise. A satrap (senator) managed the area, a general regulated military enlistment and guaranteed request, and a state secretary kept authority records. The general and the state secretary detailed legitimately to the focal government. The twenty satrapies were connected by a 2,500-kilometer expressway, the most amazing stretch being theâ royal roadâ from Susa to Sardis, worked by order of Darius. Transfers of mounted messengers could arrive at the most remote territories in fifteen days. In spite of the relative neighborhood freedom managed by the satrapy framework, be that as it may, illustrious assessors, the eyes and ears of the ruler, visited the realm and provided details regarding nearby conditions, and the lord kept up an individual guardian of 10,000 men, called the Immortals. The language in most prominent use in the domain was Aramaic. Old Persian was the official language of the realm however was utilized uniquely for engravings and regal announcements. Darius changed the economy by putting it on a silver and gold coinage framework. Exchange was broad, and under the Achaemenids there was a productive framework that encouraged the trading of items among the furthest reaches of the domain. Because of this business action, Persian words for run of the mill things of exchange got predominant all through the Middle Eastâ and in the end entered the English language; models are, bazaar, wrap, band, turquoise, headdress, orange, lemon, melon, peach, spinach, and asparagus. Exchange was one of the domains fundamental wellsprings of income, alongside farming and tribute. Different achievements of Dariuss rule included codification of the information, a widespread legitimate framework whereupon quite a bit of later Iranian law would be based, and development of another capital at Persepolis, where vassal states would offer their yearly tribute at the celebration commending the spring equinox. In its specialty and engineering, Persepolis reflected Dariuss impression of himself as the pioneer of aggregates of individuals to whom he had given another and single character. The Achaemenid workmanship and design discovered there is without a moment's delay particular and furthermore exceptionally varied. The Achaemenids took the works of art and the social and strict customs of a considerable lot of the old Middle Eastern people groups and joined them into a solitary structure. This Achaemenid imaginative style is obvious in the iconography of Persepolis, which commends the lord and the workplace of the ruler. Imagining another world domain dependent on a combination of Greek and Iranian culture and ideals, ​Alexander the Greatâ of Macedon quickened the breaking down of the Achaemenid Empire. He was first acknowledged as pioneer by the bad tempered Greeks in 336 B.C. what's more, by 334 had progressed to Asia Minor, an Iranian satrapy. In quickâ succession,â he took Egypt, Babylonia, and afterward, through the span of two years, the core of the Achaemenid EmpireSusa, Ecbatana, and Persepolisthe last of which he consumed. Alexander wedded Roxana (Roshanak), the little girl of the most remarkable of the Bactrian boss (Oxyartes, who revolted in present-day Tadzhikistan), and in 324 directed his officials and 10,000 of his warriors to wed Iranian ladies. The mass wedding, held at Susa, was a model of Alexanders want to perfect the association of the Greek and Iranian people groups. These plans finished in 323 B.C., be that as it may, when Alexander was hit with fever and passed on in Babylon, leaving no beneficiary. His domain was isolated among four of his officers. Seleucus, one of these officers, who became leader of Babylon in 312, steadily reconquered the greater part of Iran. Under Seleucuss child, Antiochus I, numerous Greeks entered Iran, and Hellenistic themes in workmanship, design, and urban arranging got pervasive. Despite the fact that the Seleucids confronted difficulties from the Ptolemies of Egyptâ and from the developing intensity of Rome, the primary danger originated from the region of Fars (Partha to the Greeks). Arsaces (of the seminomadic Parni clan), whose name was utilized by all resulting Parthian rulers, rebelled against the Seleucid senator in 247 B.C. what's more, settled a line, the Arsacids, or Parthians. During the subsequent century, the Parthians had the option to stretch out their standard to Bactria, Babylonia, Susiana, and Media, and, under Mithradates II (123-87 B.C.), Parthian triumphs extended from India to Armenia. After the triumphs of Mithradates II, the Parthians started to guarantee plunge from both the Greeks and the Achaemenids. They communicated in a language like that of the Achaemenids, utilized the Pahlavi content, and set up a regulatory framework dependent on Achaemenid points of reference. Meanwhi

Ariel Sharon- Crimes against Humanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ariel Sharon-Crimes against Humanity - Essay Example The peacemaker picture of Ariel Sharon is only one side of the story. All things considered talking, there is much about Ariel Sharon that makes him a dubious figure. The majority of the world knows just the beneficial things about Ariel Sharon. However, Ariel Sharon was engaged with various violations against humankind. Ariel Sharon was engaged with numerous demonstrations of gross human rights infringement which lead to the murdering of various guiltless Palestinian regular people. Henceforth, Ariel Sharon happened to be an Israeli head that carried out various wrongdoings against humankind and was legitimately answerable for the demise of various Palestinian regular citizens. Everyone realizes that in the 1948 war, Israel won very nearly seventy-eight percent of the domain that happened to be the home to a great many Palestinians. Much in the wake of vanquishing these enormous tracts of the Palestinian region, there was an area of the Israeli armed force that was not happy with this triumph. There were numerous officials in the military of the recently discovered province of Israel who accepted that Palestinians should have been stifled and terrified with the utilization of power. The reason for existing was to keep the Palestinians so frightened that they don't set out to speak loudly against the Israeli control of the Palestinian regions. The other target of the Israeli armed force was to take over such Palestinian domains that were yet not heavily influenced by them, similar to Gaza, and the West Bank. In this manner the military of Israel arranged a forceful military technique against the Palestinians that included huge scope assaults and slaughter of the guiltless Palestinians.â

Blog Archive Why Personalized Recommendations Matter but Some Details May Not

Blog Archive Why Personalized Recommendations Matter but Some Details May Not If your supervisor is writing your business school recommendation and you are having trouble ensuring that they are putting the proper thought and effort into it, you are not alone. Because of this asymmetry of power, junior employees can only do so much to compel their supervisor to commit the necessary time and write thoughtfully. So, before you designate your supervisor as a recommender, you must first determine how committed this person really is to helping you with your business school candidacy. In particular, your recommender needs to understand that using a single template to create identical letters for multiple business schools is not okay. Each letter must be personalized, and each MBA program’s questions must be answered using specific examples. If your recommender intends to simply write a single letter and force it to “fit” a school’s questions or to attach a standard letter to the end of the school’s recommendation form (for example, including it in the question “Is there anything else you think the committee should know about the candidate?”), then they could be doing you a disservice. By neglecting to put the proper time and effort into your letter, your recommender is sending a very clear message to the admissions committee: “I don’t really care about this candidate.” If you cannot convince your recommender to write a personalized letter or to respond to your target school’s individual questions using specific examples, look elsewhere. A well-written personalized letter from an interested party is always far better than a poorly written letter from your supervisor. In addition, although details are important in recommendation letters, remember that sometimes small points in MBA applications are really just thatâ€"small points. We are often asked, “Should this be a comma or a semicolon?” and want to respond, “Please trust us that the admissions committee will not say, ‘Oh, I would have accepted this applicant if she had used a comma here, but she chose a semicolon, so DING!’” That said, we are certainly not telling you to ignore the small things. Details matterâ€"the overall impression your application makes will depend in part on your attention to typos, font consistency, and grammar, for exampleâ€"but we encourage you to make smart and reasonable decisions and move on. You can be confident that your judgment on such topics will likely be sufficient. Share ThisTweet Application Tips

Societys Struggle Against Its Savage Roots Essay example

Societys Struggle Against Its Savage Roots Websters online dictionary defines civilization as a society in an advanced state of social development. Without the restraints of society, the behaviour of people will regress to their savage beginnings, due to the fact that ones need for survival will overpower all other impulses. The descent into savagery, mans inherent desire to survive over anything else, and the need for civilization and order shows how society unnaturally holds everyone together. Society artificially bonds everything together by imposing rules and structures and without the reminders of civilization and its conventions the savagery of human nature emerges. The strength of a society can be linked to its†¦show more content†¦The light of civilization in the Congo is depicted as evil, symbolized by the white accountant who is clothed in white starched linen amongst the white mans civilized endeavours (digging holes) set against the dark natives -crouched in pain against the dark tree trunks- who are starving and dying as they work for the white man. Secondly, Kurtz is on a mission to procure ivory and to impose society onto a region of darkness. In his report to his superiors, he scrawls across the bottom, Exterminate all the brutes! (Conrad 128) Kurtz does not believe that the natives are in any way civilized, nor does he believe that the natives can become civilized on their own. He does not see the Africans as human beings, but merely as animals. Instead of civilizing them, which he obviously has decided would be foolish, he feels it would be easier simply to kill all of the natives. In these beliefs, one can see the darkness that comes from the civilizing mission. The darkness is within Kurtz (and people like him), and that darkness is brought to light in the minds of people like Marlow who see the savagery in their ways. Furthermore, a contemporary of Conrad, William Golding, also explores the theme of descending into savagery. Embedded within his story of a group of young boys struggling to survive alone on a deserted island -separated from society they had known- are insights to theShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pageswithout a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man He believed that man had a right to defend his life and liberty against others, and that in his natural state, he was born to do so. He used the term â€Å"Bellum omnium contra omnes†, literally translated, â€Å"The war of all against all†, to describe this. We often like to believe that our race is naturally ‘good’- it is one of the things that separate us fromRead MoreNative Indians: The Captivity and Restoration by Mary Rowlandson990 Words   |  4 Pagesbut is seen to struggle even harder to continue playing her role. After her release, this does not change. She continues to raise her children, even after Joseph passes on. In the society she lived in, a female was expected to get married and bear children as soon as she was of age. The place of a woman was believed to be within the home taking care of her husband, the home and raising the children on a full time basis. In this sense, Mary Rowlandson fulfills her family’s and society’s expectationsRead MoreThe New South : An Era Of Change1583 Words   |  7 Pagesresided in the hearts and minds of Southerners, shaping a new society that closely mirrored the old. Blacks and other minorities, such as women, remained in an underclass with strict social and economic rules as the South expanded outsi de it agrarian roots. William Faulkner captures the preconceived sentiments keeping the Civil War relevant in the South in his novel Light in August. He chronicles the stories of the outcasts Lena Grove and Joe Christmas, both people who break social standards, followingRead More Freedom and Servitude in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay3355 Words   |  14 Pagesleading to a discussion of freedom and servitude that is implied as a result. I will be relating the climate of slavery depicted in the play with other cultures, purely to give a frame of reference based on the general knowledge we have, given society’s history of slavery. ARIEL (since the character is gender non-specific, I will refer to him/her as â€Å"it† or â€Å"the spirit†) One of the spirits that Prospero has control over, Ariel, would be an assumed representative of servitude. The spirit’sRead MoreThe Contribution Of The Field Of Archaeology1911 Words   |  8 Pageshis ideas regarding culture could combat such ideas as these and others concerned with such patterns of determinism. Boas was particularly important in his identification of the urgency associated with the ethnography of native people, still termed savages during this period. As these groups continued their assimilatioin into the greater world of European languages and customs, Boas realized that the traditional languages and custom of these indigenous peoples must be recorded so as to prevent theirRead MoreEvil a Learned Behavior6329 Words   |  26 Pageshumans have committed inconceivable and unthinkable acts of cruelty towards one another. From the brutal wars during the times of the ancient Greeks and Romans, to the modern area of ethnic cleansing and genocide one cannot he lp but wonder what is the root cause of this evil. Unthinkable numbers of human life has been lost in every corner of the world from the genocides in Armenia and Nazi Germany to the guerilla wars in Vietnam and Cambodia and presently to the devastating conflicts in the former YugoslaviaRead MoreWilliam Henry Bonney : The Short Lived Journey Of A Boy Without A Mother2644 Words   |  11 Pagesthe American passion for western legends as he is regarded as both a cold blooded killer while being a hero to those who he treasured most as an accomplice and a fellow friend. The truth behind William McCarty’s past might lead one to believe that society’s view on our outlaw tale of Billy the Kid is simply more corrupt than the truth reveals. Our tale first begins southeast of New Mexico in the 1870s with the rugged frontier territory dotted with a few small towns, cattle ranches and mining settlementsRead MoreSocial Determinants of Health10939 Words   |  44 Pages and their resilience and struggle to claim equality and cultural recognition, and to shape the present. Indigenous Australia is made up of two cultural groups who have shared the same struggle, yet often when using the term Indigenous, a Torres Strait Islander history is absent. In this chapter both cultures are equally presented. Brief overviews are given of pre-contact times, colonisation, resistance and adaptation, shifting government policies, and the struggle for recognition. IndigenousRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabled us to survive and thrive This page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergenceRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesjournalists closer to their subject matter than professional journalists †¢ Better position to uncover unique on-the-ground perspectives Mainstream GOOD: Sheer physical authenticity - reliability †¢ Cost of publishing book acts as a barrier to entry against casual writers †¢ Hardly any oversight over the quality of material that gets published via new media channels †¢ Any work, regardless of its value, can easily get broadcasted to a global audience †¢ Publishers want to ensure that their books

Characterization of Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteriophage Ravenclaw - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1206 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? To start off made sure the surface was cleaned with 1% ethanol, and the Bunsen burner must be turned on. Everything performed to isolate a phage must be done in an aseptic zone, in this case it was near the Bunsen burner. 5 ml of the soil sample was gathered near WSU campus and poured into a bioreactor which already included the enriched medium and .5 ml of the M. foliorum then sat on the tube shaker for seven days. Once the soil sample was on the shaker for a minimum of 24 hours, 1 ml of the soil mixture was transferred into a microfuge tube. The soil mixture spun in a microcentrifuge at speed for thirty seconds. Next, with a syringe with its plunger removed, a filter was attached to the top and transferred roughly half of the centrifuge mixture into it. The plunger was reinserted into the syringe, a filter the medium into a microfuge tube. The filtered medium in the microfuge tube was used as enriched lysate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Characterization of Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteriophage Ravenclaw" essay for you Create order Afterward the enriched lysate was prepared, a plaque assay was performed by adding 50 ? µl of the enriched lysate into a tube of .5 of M. foliorum and letting it incubate for ten minutes. Meanwhile the enriched lysate mix was incubated for ten minute, 20 ? µl of CaCl2 was mixed with liquid top agar. Once ten minutes had passed, add the top agar mix into the phage lysate mix and swirl. The mixture of M. foliorum, phage lysate, and a separate tub of liquid top agar, it was poured into a new l-agar plate it was then incubated at 30? °C for seven days. With a growth of a phage on the plate, a spot test was performed in aseptic conditions. A grid was drawn on the plastic side of a new l-agar plate and labeled as a negative control. A tube of liquid top agar is added 20 ? µl of CaCl? ¬? ¬2 and that mixture was then mixed into a tube of M. foliorum. The mixture of CaCl2, liquid top agar, and M. foliorum was drained onto a new l-agar plate. As it becomes solid on the plate, 10 â€Å" 25 ? µl of the soil sample was transferred onto the grids that were drawn on the bottom of the plate. The l-agar plates with the mixture topped off are places in a 30? °C incubator for a week. As the lawn was visible, a plaque streak was performed by first choosing a plaque from the plate and touching the plaque with a sterile wooden pick that was then aseptically streaked onto a new agar plate. This process was done by using a sterile wooden stick, starting at the edge of the past streak for a three separate streak where an x was noticeable. Then a new layer of agar that was mixed with M. foliorum and CaCl2 was poured onto the plate where the phage was streaked. The streaked plate was incubated at 30? °C for a week to let the bacteriophage grow. After the streaked plate had been incubated at 30 for seven days, the next step was to devise the phage specimen located the plaque that was circled. A clean applicator was used to transfer the most isolated phage from the plate into a bioreactor that also included .5 ml of M. foliorum and 25 mL of the enriched medium and sat on the shaker for seven days. After the enriched culture had been on the shaker for seven days, the next step was to collect the lysate and filter-sterilize. A .22 ? µm filtered syringe disbursed the now filtered enrich medium into three separate labeled microfuge tubes. Determined the titer of the HTL by ten labeled microfuge tubes from -1 to -10. Each tube was mixed with 90 ? µm of phage buffer as well as 10 ? µm of the concentrated HTL to the -1 microfuge tube. Mixed 10 ? µm from the -1 tube into the -2 tube and continue transferring 10 ? µm from the previous tube into a new tube until reaching the -10 tube with a new tip each time transferring into a new tube. A negative control was needed, so the 11th tube was infected with M. foliorum and 10 ? µm of phage buffer and letting it sit for ten minutes. As ten minutes passed, all the plates were topped off with a mixture of liquid top agar and CaCl2 and labeled appropriately. Again, it they solidified and were moved into a 30 degree Celsius incubator for the next seven days After the plates were incubated at thirty degree Celsius for seven days, the next step was to degrade bacterial DNA / RNA in high titer lysate. First step was to disburse one mL of high titer lysate into a microfuge tube, then with gloves on, relocate to the designated nucleus work station. Added 5 ? µl of the nucleus mix into my sample, mixed by repeating, incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for ten minutes. After ten minutes of incubation, the second step was to denature the protein capsid to excrete the phage DNA. 500 ? µl of the nuclease HTL mixture was discharged onto two separate microfuge tubes with clean up resin. The next protocol was to isolate the phage genomic DNA by attaining two DNA columns, labeled with personal initials. Columns were attached to two three mL syringes, and 1.5 mL of the phage mixture were filtered into new microfuge tubes. Put column in a new microfuge tube by first unscrewing the column from the syringe before freeing the plunger. Afterwards, withdraw the plunger from the syringe barrel and screw back the column, Following the protocol, the next step was to rinse the salt from the DNA by using two syringe barrels filled with two mL of 80% isopropanol. Then repeat steps of isolating phage genomic DNA to have done three isopropanol washes. Afterwards, isopropanol residue was left and to remove it the columns were placed in a microfuge tube and spun at 10,000 x for a maximum of five minutes. Then, the columns were placed on a block that had been heated to 80o C for one minute to evaporate any excess isopropanol Eluted the DNA by incubating the columns at room temperature with 50 ? µl of ddH2O for one minute. After incubation, the samples spun again at 10,00 x for sixty seconds. The eluted phage DNA was gathered by incorporated the products from both microfuge tubes into one final tube. First started by mildly stirring the DNA specimen by finger vertexing and with the concentrated DNA sample calculate the amount of DNA sample. Next, made sets of restriction enzyme digest reaction by getting a tube of dH2O 100 ? µg, 10X reaction buffer 20 ? µl, 3 ? µl BamHI Enzyme, 3 ? µl EcoRI Enzyme, HindIII. Reactions were set up in the format the protocol was told as. There were four reaction tubes, three restriction enzyme digest and a controlled tube with no enzyme. To indicate the reaction, started by placing the reaction tubes in tube racks and placing them in the incubator ay 37 o and my TA removed them afterwards. Placed the 24 ? µl of reaction inside the wells of an agarose gel that was inside of the gel electrophoresis. TA provided a portion of kb ladder, dispersed all 10 ? µl of the ladder onto the gel in the lanes. After forty minutes, relocated the gel into a ziplock bag, and into a transilluminator where the DNA could be seen.

Creating a Healthy Environment for Your Prenatal Child...

Creating a healthy environment is critical for any baby’s well-being and healthy transition into this world. Teratogens are a main concern when creating a healthy atmosphere. For example, when my mother was pregnant with my brother, she did not understand the adverse effects on her baby’s development that smoking would create. Smoking was just routine for her, and the labels on the cigarettes as a fair warning didn’t change her opinion on smoking during her pregnancy. My father smoked as well. Even worse, a lot of the smoking occurred in the household, so smoke was always in the house and my mom was always breathing it in. Months went by during my mother’s pregnancy with her first child. Everything seemed to be going smoothly. Her baby†¦show more content†¦It can create a disorder known as Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which creates abnormalities such as facial deformities, defective face, limbs, and heart, learning disorders, and low in telligence. Even small amounts of alcohol can cause early pregnancy loss. Caffeine is also a teratogen that is easily accessible in sodas, coffee, teas, energy drinks, and even some chocolate. Doctors suggest being cautious when consuming small amounts of caffeine or even cutting it out of the prenatal diet completely. Caffeine seems to be the least harmful of the listed teratogens, as high amounts do not increase the risk of miscarriage and growth retardation. Both Cocaine and Meth are extremely harmful stimulants to prenatal children. Cocaine use during pregnancy lowers birth weight, head circumference, and length of the baby. Babies can be born with lower arousal, higher excitability, and lower quality of reflexes as well. Growing up, the baby can experience weakened motor development as well as a slower growth rate. Learning disabilities are also common, as well as behavioral problems. Marijuana also has negative consequences for children such as lower intelligence and an increa sed risk for the children using marijuana themselves by the age of 14. It is recommended that pregnant women do not use marijuana during their term or use any of the teratogens. Synergistic effects – that is, using or being around multiple teratogens is extremelyShow MoreRelatedThe Transformation Of Human Development1431 Words   |  6 Pagesuniversal and unique characteristics of each human (Berger, 48) The universal characteristics that each unit of life contains molecules that are full of information and instructions called DNA. Human development begins from zygote to newborn in which â€Å"prenatal development is divided into three categories: Germinal period, Embryonic period, and fetal period.† (Berger, 58) The Germinal Period appears begins during the first 2 weeks after conception. â€Å"The zygote begins duplication and division,† in whichRead MoreEffects Of Teenage Pregnancy On Children1625 Words   |  7 Pageswill be explained and evaluated by examining how support plays a role in the wellbeing of the child and mother. Many would say that having a child is a blessing, but not when you have a child at a young age. Teen pregnancy/motherhood have been greatly seen as an issue in society. â€Å"Research suggests that many associate teen mothers with welfare dependency, irresponsibility, stupidity, ignorance, laziness, child abuse, immorality, and promiscuity† (Eshbaugh, 2011). Many research has demonstrated the negativeRead MoreThe Breakdown Of Continuum Care952 Words   |  4 Pagescomponents are prenatal care, behavioral illness, newborn care, preventive care, healthy lifestyle, acute illness acute injury and rehab. The main challenge would be the improving of health care and managing any health care problems that might come up. A lot of the process as to do with the environment the patient lives in(In Information Infrastructure for Healthcare INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE FOR HEALTHCARE.). All this depends on the patient, do they want treatment, do they want to stay healthy and doRead MoreThe Is A Possible Future Effect Or Result? 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Did I want to become a doctor to earn a lot of money and live a prosperous life, be respected in society, or so that I could sim ply help other people? The answer came to me not too long ago while I was volunteering at the Methodist Richardson Hospital. During my time in the children’s ward reading books with these children or even just talking to them, I felt a sense ofRead MoreThe Case Of Ta Esha1344 Words   |  6 Pageshospitalized until delivering. The doctor blamed formaldehyde in her family’s FEMA-funded trailer, their home since Hurricane Katrina displaced them from New Orleans. He also sternly said that Ronita stopped smoking, waited for few years, and gotten prenatal care; Ta’esha would be bigger and healthier. 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Role of Falstaff in Henry IV, Part One Essay Example For Students

Role of Falstaff in Henry IV, Part One Essay Falstaffs Role in Henry IV, Part OneHenry IV, Part One, has always been one of the most popular of Shakespeares plays, maybe because of Falstaff. Much of the early criticism I found concentrated on Falstaff and so will I. This may begin in the eighteenth century with Samuel Johnson. For Johnson, the Prince is a young man of great abilities and violent passions, and Hotspur is a rugged soldier, but Falstaff, unimitated, unimitable Falstaff, how shall I describe thee? Thou compound of sense and vice . . . a character loaded with faults, and with faults which produce contempt . . . a thief, a glutton, a coward, and a boaster, always ready to cheat the weak and prey upon the poor; to terrify the timorous and insult the defenceless . . . his wit is not of the splendid or ambitious kind, but consists in easy escapes and sallies of levity yet he is stained with no enormous or sanguinary crimes, so that his licentiousness is not so offensive but that it may be borne for his mirth.Johnson mak es three assumptions in his reading of the play:1. That Falstaff is the kind of character who invites a moral judgment mainly that he can answer to the charge of being a coward. 2. That you (the reader) can detach Falstaffs frivolity from the play and it can exist for its own sake apart from the major theme of the drama. 3. That the play is really about the fate of the kingdom, and that you (the reader) do not connect Falstaffs scenes with the main action. This means that the play has no real unity. Starting with Johnsons first assumption, I do agree with this. Any discussion of Falstaff is bound to include a judgement about his moral character. Is he a coward, a thief, a glutton? No one can deny that he is in fact a glutton and a thief. A coward is debatable. I choose to think he is. He is self centered and cares only for his own profit and enjoyment. He will protect himself at all costs including playing possum if necessary to avoid injury. When he misuses the money intended to buy troops and weapons, he turns it into profit for himself. Once again, with no concern for anyone else, he potentially jeopardizes the troops, the battle and the kingdom with substandard men and materials while making money for himself. It makes the reader question, what kind of friend is he to Hal that he would misuse the trust that has been given him. All the easier for Hal to ultimately recognize that this is not the kind of person or people he wants to associate himself with, let alone approve of . Johnsons second assumption that you can detach Falstaffs frivolity from the real drama is in fact true, but what would you have left? A less interesting, less amusing drama with only one main plot. Falstaff is of paramount importance to the sub-plot dealing with Hals decision between continuing his carefree life style or maturing into the role he is destined to play as a respected prince and later king. This story would be pretty dull if Hal didnt have to choose between an entertaining life like Falstaffs or an honorable one as a gallant warrior and respected leader. Johnsons last assumption that the Falstaff scenes have nothing to do with the main action is incorrect if you agree that this sub-plot is necessary for an engaging drama. In Act 2, Scene 4, after Hal says, while role playing as the King with Falstaff, That villainous abominable misleader of youth, Falstaff, that old white-bearded Satan. Falstaff, as Hal, tries to reason, No, my good lord, banish Peto, banish Bardolph, banish Poins, but for sweet Jack Falstaff, kind Jack Falstaff, true Jack Falstaff, valiant Jack Falstaff, and therefore more valiant, being as he is old Jack Falstaff, banish not him thy Harrys company, banish him not thy Harrys company; banish plump Jack, and banish all the world. Hal, again as the King, says, I do, I will. He indicates that after becoming king he would choose to rid the kingdom of people the likes of Falstaff. He is indicating that he has chosen the path for his life and made his own moral judgement on Falstaff. This scene and therefore Falstaffs very being are significant to show Hals evolution into a true prince. .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b , .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .postImageUrl , .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b , .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b:hover , .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b:visited , .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b:active { border:0!important; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b:active , .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5df06aa2e5b28c2d07db483d4205301b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Catcher In The Rye Essay SacrificeFalstaffs character is necessary to Hals character development just as Hotspurs temperament is necessary to his. Falstaffs wit, humor and amusing antics are needed to develop Hal. He helps us relate to Hal and his decision. We know people of all types of character and personality in our lives. They influence our thinking and decisions. So it is also necessary for Hal. Wether Falstaff is only a coward and glutton, or a person who has an amusing way of expressing his deeply felt personal and political beliefs is a matter of individual interpretation. I am not sure that it really matters as long as it contributes to Hals maturing process, and it does. In conclusion, every age of man has and will continue to judge Falstaffs role based on the morals and the thinking of the day. His frivolity is necessary to make the play amusing and interesting enough to hold the readers/viewers attention. However, that Falstaffs scenes are needed should go without question leaving the critics and us only to debate his motivation and his tactics. Category: English

Amistad free essay sample

The Amistad movie is about a group of West Africans captured as slaves to America. Led by Sengbe Pieh, who was renamed as Joseph Cinque by the Spaniards who bought his later decided to revolt against his captors. The movie started at the scene where cinque was trying to free himself from his chains. Him and his fellow slaves managed to get control of the ship by killing many of the cruise men living two of then alive to guide then back to Africa. They fought hard to stay alive, but unfortunately they found themselves in the strange waters of in America and charged with murder. Their fate lied in the hands of a real estate and property lawyer Roger Baldwin, who had to prove that these men are from Africa and were illegally stolen in to slavery. This would gain their freedom because African slavery was illegal. With the help of former president John Quincy Adams Cinque and his fellow Africans were set free. We will write a custom essay sample on Amistad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately these men will be going home to civil war zone. I was captured by the intense emotion from the beginning of the movie to the end of it. The movie depicts the inhumane acts of humans. The pain and suffering that these people went through is none like other. Yet they yearn for their home and they fought to get back to it. The ending of the film was discouraging. Cinque and the rest of the freed slaves were going back to a country at war. Cinque’s family was probably captured in to slavery and the hope of seeing his family will be an undisturbed reality for him. My reaction to the movie â€Å"Amistad† was of mixed emotions. Horror, anger, sadness, and a plethora of a other emotions ran through my mind as the movie went on. There were many important parts in the movie, the part where the slaves took over the ship, their capture and their torture on the ship, their trials, and the return to Africa. Each scene had a new emotion with it. The most important scene to the movie in my opinion is the scene in where the slave are kidnapped and brought over to America. As the movie started I tried to put myself in the slaves shoes as well as I possibly could. Before the slaves were capture their lives were as normal and as happy as yours or mine, but in an instant they were captured and thrown on a ship. Men, woman, and children were stripped of their clothes and thrown on a ship. Husbands had to watch their wives and children be thrown into little corridors and suffer. While they, themselves just tried to survive. Villages that were once united as friends were forced to turn against each other to survive. In order to get their freedom they must

Anaylsis between Thoreaus Civil Disobedience & Kings Letter essays

Anaylsis between Thoreau's Civil Disobedience & Kings Letter essays In Civil Disobedience and Letter from Birmingham Jail, Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King use different techniques to fully convey their own opinions on injustice in the government; Thoreau uses a metaphor while King uses an illustration in order to establish emotional appeals. Even though Civil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau, was written in 1849, and King was imprisoned in 1963, each recognize that injustice occurs in our government. Each authors techniques are effective in proving that injustice should be demolished. Henry David Thoreau compares the United States government to a political machine. This machine has friction, which is Thoreau explains is injustice. He states that If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of the government, let it go, let it go...certainly the machine will wear out (Thoreau 8). Thoreau is stating that this machine will eventually cease to run if the friction continues to occur. By having injustice in the government, corruption is ultimately the result, and the corrupt government will eventually crumble. Thoreau also explains that the people who are affected by the injustice should stop it, or at least make an effort to stop it. Let your life be a counter friction to stop the machine (Thoreau 8). Sitting back and letting others fix the problem will accomplish nothing, but making any effort towards correcting the injustice is an accomplishment in itself. Although Thoreaus metaphor established an emotional appeal effectively, Kings illustrations elucidate the issue of injustice equally as effectively. King makes mention of the Christians that existed during times of great persecution, and he admires the way that they stood up for what they believed in. King explains that Whenever the early Christians entered a town, the people in power b ...

What strategies do cyber security use in order to avoid the hackers Essay

What strategies do cyber security use in order to avoid the hackers prevailing users of e-commerce websites - Essay Example About 52% of the UK consumers use online shopping as an opportunity to save cash. In 2009, an estimated 608 million card payments were made online, with  £47.2 billion being spent in 2011 around 74% of UK homes have internet access (Government of the United Kingdom, 2011). The cyber security departments need to have strategies that balances resiliency with focused, protection, risk-informed prevention and preparedness activities in order to manage and reduce the most deleterious risks in e-commerce. E-commerce is regarded as the wave of the future. However, as organizations come up with new web-based strategies so as align themselves with the future commerce, problems are expected on the way inform of cyber attacks. Cyber security is at a sensitive stage in the evolution of e-commerce. A major attack at this particular time, if successful, could significantly affect the future development of the e-commerce business model. This could result to harsh ramifications for the victimized organization(s) in particular. The paper will highlight the strategies used by cyber security in order to avoid the hackers prevailing users of e-commerce websites. The ever increasing roles of information technology as well as the growth of the e-commerce sector have made cyber security be very important essential to the economy. The cyber security standards are prevailing security standards that enable various organizations to practice safe security techniques so as reduce the number of successful cyber security attacks (Amoroso, 2012). The misuse of the online environment through hacking, fake websites and other means have threatened to undermine the social and economic benefits of the online environment by eroding confidence and trust in the security and safety of the online environment (Shoemaker & Conklin, 2011). This is what has necessitated the e-commerce industry to come up with strategies that will boost customer confidence in engaging in online transactions. These

The E-Trade Baby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The E-Trade Baby - Essay Example In order to identify the rhetorical strengths and weaknesses of the E-Trade Baby commercials, their ethos, logos, and pathos should be examined. Ethos implies the personality and trustworthiness of the speaker associated with the argument. Ethos raises issues of ethics and confidence between the speaker and the audience. In terms of ethos, the E-Trade Baby ads are quite effective in drawing out the interest of the audience by using an ‘infantile’ personality that normally appeals to the emotion of audiences. In terms of integrity, the ads are also successful since the babies’ ‘voices’ are from trusted people in the finance and investment industry. The E-Trade Baby simply used the attractive and adorable personalities of the babies to convey its reliable messages about financing and investing. The ads successfully identified with their audiences and their argument. They also appeal to the sense of necessity of the audiences by building a whole new real m of investing, or also referred to as electronic trading. Logos denotes the application of numbers, statistics, reason, and logic. Quite frequently, logos appears concrete and material, far more tangible and ‘real’ compared to other rhetorical techniques that it does not appear an advertisement approach at all. In terms of logos, the E-Trade Baby ads are quite illogical since it is commonsensical knowledge that babies cannot talk in the way they are portrayed in the ads making the entire endeavor weak within the domain of logos. But in terms of the presentation of statistics and facts, the ads have been concise and straight to the point. Pathos appeals to the emotions of audiences. The E-Trade Baby ads try to appeal to the emotions of love, compassion, affection, sympathy, and happiness. They successfully used an emotional appeal by identifying with the sense of their audience. The ads did not abuse any ethical or emotional appeal since

Global Warming And Its Many Ramifications Essay Example for Free

Global Warming And Its Many Ramifications Essay The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA) supports all ordinances involving environmental protection and the abatement of natural resources degradation. These laws aim to restrict people from abusing the environment and destroying the natural habitats of numerous species. The CATO Institute in Washington believes that the government is not doing enough in terms of environmental protection. The institute emphasizes that government intervention needs to exert more effort in pursuing environmental preservation. The government is essential in pursuing this goal since this endeavor requires a huge amount of monetary and human resources and may not be achieved by a small number of people only (439-440). With the population continually increasing, natural resources are quickly dwindling, and with the loss of natural habitat, the flora and fauna also perish. Currently, the government pursues strategies that aim to protect the plants and animals affected by heightened human development. Better laws and ordinances need to be passed for the government to effectively preserve the ecosystem. If not, the world risks the possibility of humans satisfying only their own needs and satisfaction, without thinking of the long-term effects of development (U. S. EPA) Crucial Environmental Issues The emergence of numerous environmental issues, including the extinction of several plants and animals as well as changes in weather patterns, caused the government to implement restrictions on the activities of man affecting the environment. However, despite the efforts on the part of the government, environmental problems still occur. According to the U. S. EPA, fragmented tactics are not expected to be effective in protecting the environment as only the obvious problems are being undertaken, while the complex and less obvious environmental issues still remain. The U. S. EPA believes that it is important for the government to change the fundamentals of environmental policies. More restrictions need to be incorporated whenever development is envisioned. This is because with the current rate of development, plants and animals are in danger of not continuing to live in their natural habitats. Population explosion depletes the natural resources, which include plants and animals, which humans consume for their survival. In addition, human settlements also destroy the natural habitats of numerous species. Howard M. Singletary, Director of Plant Industry of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, believes that biological diversity is essential in environmental protection (Evaluate the Social). Conserving biological diversity involves the protection of the entire ecosystem. Humans may see themselves as important or more important than the plants and animals that get destroyed as a result of increased population, but it should be noted that the environmental issues that man is facing at the present time are due to the absence of preventive planning. The short-term economic and monetary gains have frequently been treated as more important than the ecosystem. Yet, the destruction of plants and animals as well as their habitat contribute much in global warming and extreme weather situations. (Evaluate the Social). Humanity needs to see the impact of overdevelopment. People also need to realize that they need to invest and sacrifice certain conveniences and luxuries in order to achieve long-term environmental goals. The scientific community and several advocacy groups are supporting government efforts to preserve the environment. The global movement is for the greater good and is based on the fact the earth and everything in it is not owned by a single individual, group or corporation. The scale of the human economy is now such that the wilderness areas that sustain much of the world’s remaining biological diversity are shrinking fast. The rates of wildlife habitat takeover and of species extinctions are the fastest they have ever been in recorded history, and they are accelerating. Tropical forests, the world’s richest species habitats, have already been 55 percent destroyed, and the current rate exceeds 168,000 square kilometers per year. (Evaluate the Social). Stabilizing populations Stabilizing population is more important in industrial countries than in developing countries, since the former overconsume and hence overpollute and are thereby responsible for the greatest increase in the impact of human activities on the already overtaxed environment. The richest 20 percent of the world consume over 70 percent of the world’s commercial energy. Thirteen countries have already reached a fertility rate required in order to achieve zero population growth, so it is not utopian to expect others to follow. The population growth-rate of developing countries of course must also be reduced dramatically. Their population is now 77 percent of the world’s total, and they are responsible for 90 percent of the world’s annual population growth. (Evaluate the Social). The poor must be helped and will justifiably demand to reach at least minimally acceptable living standards by obtaining access to the remaining natural resource base. When industrial nations switch from input growth to qualitative development, more resources and environmental functions will be available for the poor in the South. Scientists observe that as the planet warms up, a great deal of ice and snow near the poles will probably start to melt. That will expose dark tundra and dark seas. That will warm things up – like painting a white roof black. The darker the terrain gets, the warmer those parts of the world will get. More snow will melt there, making the terrain even hotter. All these explanations fill more than thirty pages of rather small print in the Philosophical Magazines, and every one of the calculations had to be solved by hand. To make a greenhouse forecast, experts now build what amounts to a working scales model of the Earth inside a supercomputer. They start with a blank globe, divided into a grid like the grid of latitude and longitude. Typically each box in the grid covers several hundred miles on a side. These boxes are stacked from the surface of the planet high into the atmosphere – a dozen layers of giant boxes of air. Public concern over environmental policy was minimal until the end of the nineteenth century. As the United States expanded westward, the horizon seemed to present an unlimited supply of land, water, mineral deposits and timber. Farming techniques reflected little concern for minimizing soil depletion. Forests were cleared without concern for reforestation or the devastation of soil erosion. Minerals were mined and metals smelted without concern for their effects on fresh-water supplies; when contamination did result, it seemed a minor problem, because alternative sources of water seemed endless. (Royan, 2001). Despite a history of conservation policies, fundamental concerns over environmental protection were still absent from the policy agenda as late as the 1950s. The publication of Silent Spring in 1962 drew attention to the dangers of pesticides such as DDT, in the food chain. The sense of social responsibility that emerged in the 1960s also moved environmental policy from the background to the forefront of the policy agenda. Energy made it to the headlines once again in the year 2000; a shocking power crisis hit the state of California (Royan, 2001). Companies had realized once more that the horrors brought about by serious energy problems over the past three decades had not gone away. The California electricity crisis could potentially fan out towards other states; not only impact would it impact the profitability of a company, but could certainly put many out of business. As the new century fast approaches, the world has slowly realized the synergy between energy conservation and global economic competitiveness. Energy conservation entails the elimination of wastes through the improvement of industrial facilities and processes. Energy conservation also implies environment preservation through pollution prevention, and mitigating the trends toward global warming. Global competitiveness goes hand in hand with energy conservation, and many industrial firms from all over the world have realized that. Worldwide energy consumption in recent years has continued to escalate not only in developed countries but also in developing countries, primarily as a result of rapid industrialization and improvement in the standard of living. In a recent survey conducted by the Association of Energy Engineers, about 22 percent among those surveyed claimed to have reduced accumulated costs by $5 million or more by implementing energy conservation strategies (Cornforth, 1992). The potential for additional savings is still great. Thirty-six percent among those surveyed indicated that further savings that amount to over 10 percent are possible. Thus, investment in protocols that promote energy conservation has proven to be effective in saving costs by reducing waste materials resulting from industrial processes. As the next century approaches, the economic world has gradually come to realize that energy conservation offers the most profitable competitive advantage. Marked improvements in the efficiency of industrial processes or facilities to save fuel consumption reduce wastage. HiTAC has been a significant energy conservation development in recent years, and is now applied to industrial furnaces in many factories worldwide. A positive consequence of saving energy is minimizing greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming. Because of the increased efficiency in combustion using HiTAC, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide-byproducts of incomplete burning, are reduced. Therefore, HiTAC saves on operational costs by making fuel consumption more efficient; and consequently, efficient fuel consumption minimizes waste products, among which are greenhouse gases that trigger global warming. (Hotel Sarofim, 1967). Major Changes Taking Place in the US Population and Projected Problems Due to the Climate Changes The US is said to have the highest population of the developed nations, and one of the highest population growth rates at one percent, equivalent to 2. 5 million new Americans every year (Haub). Three national population trends that have been identified in a recent US census are changes in geographic distribution, changes in ethnic composition, and the effect of immigration on population (Haub). With regard to the changing geographic distribution of the population, the population is said to be shifting from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West, both because of internal migration and immigration from other countries (Haub). With regard to ethic composition, while ethnic minorities are said to comprise 25 percent of the population currently, that percentage will increase to 50 percent in 50 years, with Asians rising in numbers from 7. 1 to 40 million by 2050, and Hispanics rising in numbers to 90 million in 2050, constituting 22 percent of the population (Haub). Immigration, on the other hand, presently accounts for a third of the population increase yearly, and is expected to be a major contributor to population growth in the future (Haub). It naturally follows that the South and West will have to deal with the attendant problems of the shifting geographic distribution in its favor, while the change in ethnic composition can be predicted to contribute its own set of problems. Problems Causing the Decline in the Quality of Life in Cities, Possible Solutions It is said that more than a billion urban dwellers, out of a total of three billion, are located in slum areas, with half living in Asia (Whelan). This is indicative of the mammoth problems of governments with regard to the provision for food (Sustainable Development Networking Program), opportunities for employment, environmental degradation, sanitation, and general quality of living in cities. Another problem causing the decline in quality of life is said to be urban sprawl, whose effects range from over-congestion to pollution (Goodwin). In the US, the states that are the destination of internal and external migration and immigration in the ongoing shift in geographic distribution of the population that will have to deal with these issues. Proposed solutions include the revision of federal laws to limit immigration, the creation of boundaries that will redirect urban growth to places where urban services can be provided, and tighter control on allowable density and housing (Goodwin). There are many environmentalists like Senator Hillary who had been bold about her support on the Supreme Court’s Global Warming Decision. She states that the scientific consensus is that global warming poses a serious threat to human activities (Statement of Senator Hillary Clinton on the Supreme Court†¦2007, par 1). She challenges President Bush to address this pressing global environmental threat as soon as possible. Issues on the Ozone In the discussions on the ozone hole, it is but apt to provide a brief explanation on what exactly is the ozone and how it is formed. The ozone, according to the Centre for Atmospheric Science, â€Å"forms a layer in the stratosphere, thinnest in the tropics (around the equator) and denser towards the poles†. More specifically, â€Å"[O]zone is a toxic, strong reactive compound consisting of three oxygen atoms† (Francois). As explained by the Centre for Atmospheric Science, the ozone is formed â€Å"when ultraviolet [radiation coming from the sun], strikes the stratosphere, dissociating (or splitting) oxygen molecules to atomic oxygen†¦[that] quickly combines with further oxygen molecules to form ozone† More commonly, the ozone is known as the layer that protects human beings and other living things from the harmful rays of the sun, more specifically, the ultraviolet rays-shielding us from being stricken by skin cancer. This common conception of the ozone layer, which provides a good notion of what ozone is, is just one side of the coin. Scientists refer to this more commonly know ozone as the stratospheric ozone (Centre for Atmospheric Science). On the other side of the coin is the tropospheric or the ground level ozone, which is considered as a major health hazard, is a â€Å"major constituent of photochemical smog† (Centre for Atmospheric Science). It is referred to as a pollutant because of its being lethal if inhaled (Newman). Ozone Facts According to the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), the story of the ozone hole has its roots from the chlorofluorocarbons or CFC’s, â€Å"a family of most commonly used industrial compounds†. CFC’s was invented by Thomas Midgley in 1928 which later on was called as a â€Å"miracle compound† due to its proven useful for man’s convenience (NRDC). Since then, it was effectively â€Å"used in refrigeration systems, air conditioners, aerosols, solvents and in the production of some types of packaging† (Francois). However, decades after the â€Å"miracle compound† was invented and used in many industries and households as effective refrigerants, it was found out that it had caused a serious damage to the environment, more particularly to the ozone layer. It took American scientists Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland to prove that the â€Å"miracle compound† turned out to be damaging to the environment as they hypothesized in 1974 that CFC’s â€Å"possibly played an active role in the depletion of the ozone layer† (NRDC). This announcement had sparked heated debates not just among scientists but also among policymakers, environmentalists and industry players on the â€Å"whys and wherefores of ozone depletion† (NRDC). It was explained by Newman that CFC’s became harmful to the ozone because of its chlorine make-up and â€Å"it turn[ed] out that CFC’s are an excellent way of introducing chlorine into the ozone layer†. This happens as the ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun strikes CFC’s that go up into the altitude of the ozone layer, this UV radiation breaks down CFC’s and frees chlorine (Newman). After chlorine has been freed, this â€Å"has the potential to destroy large amount of ozone† (Newman). Francois also provides connection of the thinning of the ozone layer to the introduction of large amount of chlorine in the atmosphere through the use of CFC’s. The Centre for Atmospheric Science stated that â€Å"Evidence that human activities affect the ozone layer has been building up over the last 20 years, ever since scientists first suggested that the release of CFC’s into the atmosphere could reduce the amount of ozone over our heads†. But prior to the hole being discovered, the negative effects of the CFC’s were never taken seriously by the majority of the people as they were not convinced on the connection between CFC’s and the depletion of the ozone layer (NRDC). In 1985, a major discovery had brought great alarm to the whole world as it was discovered by Joseph Farman and his colleagues that there was a hole in the ozone layer (Newman [b]). In fact, the severity of the discovered ozone depletion made the English scientist in the Halley Bay station in Antarctica, who discovered the hole, to think that the equipment he used to measure the extent of the hole was broken (NRDC). He sent the equipment back to England to have the equipment repaired but when he tried to measure the depletion again, his initial finding that the ozone layer had been depleted was confirmed (Francois). Another theoretical attempt, which later on was proven to be correct, was the â€Å"recipe of the ozone loss† as summarized by the Centre for Atmospheric Science as follows: †¢ â€Å"The polar winter leads to the formation of the polar vortex which isolates the air within it. †¢ â€Å"Cold temperatures form inside the vortex; cold enough for the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs). As the vortex air is isolated, the cold temperatures and the PSCs persist. †¢ â€Å"Once the PSCs form, heterogeneous reactions take place and convert the inactive chlorine and bromine reservoirs to more active forms of chlorine and bromine. †¢ â€Å"No ozone loss occurs until sunlight returns to the air inside the polar vortex and allows the production of active chlorine and initiates the catalytic ozone destruction cycles. Ozone loss is rapid. The ozone hole currently covers a geographic region a little bigger than Antarctica and extends nearly 10km in altitude in the lower stratosphere. â€Å" Basically, the preceding enumeration of the â€Å"recipe of the ozone loss† is similar to the Heterogeneous Chemistry Theory that proposed chemical reactions occurring within the ozone layer. This also explains why the hole is over Antarctica and not over the other continents. The atmospheric conditions prevailing in Antarctica, which is its having ultra cold temperature, suits the chemical reactions that take place resulting to ozone depletion. Consequences of Depleted Ozone The most common knowledge as to the adverse effects of the depletion of the ozone layer is that it increases the penetration of the ultraviolet radiation resulting to more skin cancer. As Francois puts it, â€Å"[W]hen this protective layer is reduced, it has dramatic consequences on life† such as slower photosynthesis among plants as increased radiation results to less metabolism; destruction of micro-organisms which play a vital role in the food chain; and, the increase in cases of skin cancer. Basically, the depletion of the ozone layer can result to an enormous change in the ecological balance. It is a universal fact, based on the studies and researches that have been made, that a little tip in the ecological balance could result to a mammoth change in our environment that could adversely affect the way people live. The slight increase in temperature can cause destructive floods to countries surrounded by oceans. In the case of the increase in the ozone hole, it can results to unfavorable changes in our environment starting from the destruction of micro-organisms and the instability that it causes to the metabolism of plants responsible to changes in photosynthesis. These changes may not be visible in the present time, which makes many people complacent and insensitive as to their roles in the protection of the ozone layer, but catastrophic results can be felt in the near future.

Free Narrative Essays - Dodging Bullets -- Example Personal Narratives

Dodging Bullets It was a warm fall day in early October, a day that I recall quite vividly. The smells of the transition from summer to fall were in the air, accompanied by the sounds of birds singing and the wind blowing through the trees. It was on this beautiful day that my existence was almost terminated. After school on this day, a friend and I decided to go hunting before our evening basketball practice. I really don't know why we called it hunting, because we didn't have an idea exactly what we were hunting for. We had forty acres of my backyard to do our merciless killing of defenseless animals. We were two ignorant kids with semi-automatic and lever-action .22 caliber rifles. As we strolled into the woods to see what terror we could create for the creatures of the forest, we noticed a large abundance of squirrels. They seemed to be dancing around as if they were gathering there before us in groups--laughing at us, begging us to shoot them. We had to keep walking, for we were still too close to the neighboring houses to be shooting these rifles. So we trudged along, occasionally commenting on how the leaves crunching beneath our feet would scare off the squirrels, as if we were some fierce snipers in desperate need of stealth. At last we made it to an area far enough from the houses. My friend was the one with the semi-automatic, and he immediately started unloading his clip on everything in sight. The sound of the bullets being propelled from the barrel echoed throughout the woods. After his barrage of shots, I noticed a large oak tree with squirrels in i... ...e to dodge bullets. I felt that I could see those bullets in their spiraling motion coming at me. This idea made me laugh, but I didn't engage it for long, for I was still shaken by the event. What if I'd been hit by the onslaught of bullets and turned into a bloody piece of Swiss cheese? Worse yet, I could have been killed. I lay there for what seemed to be a short eternity until the shadow of my friend appeared over me. "I ran out of bullets," he said in a relaxed tone. After I voiced a few choice words to my companion, he helped me up, and I slowly but surely went home. Naturally, neither of us mentioned this scenario to our parents. Later that evening, I decided that playing video games was a safer way to kill time before practice. It was quite a while before we went hunting again.

Hitting the Wall: Nike and International Labor Practices Essay

Based in Beaverton, Oregon, Nike had been a corporate success story for more than three decades. It was a sneaker company, but one armed with an inimitable attitude, phenomenal growth, and the apparent ability to dictate fashion trends to some of the world’s most influential consumer. Selling a combination of basic footwear and street-smart athleticism, Nike pushed its revenues from a 1972 level of $62,000 to a starting $49 million in just 10 years. In the 1980s and 1990s, Nike had been plagued by a series of labor incidents and public relations nightmares; underage workers in Indonesian plants, allegations of coerced overtime in China, dangerous working conditions in Vietnam. For a while, the stories had been largely confined to labor circles and activist publications, until a young female worker had died in a Nike contracting factory in 1997, the labor conditions at Nike had hit the mainstream. While the marketing of Nike’s products was based on selling a high profile fashion item to affluent Americans, the manufacture of these sneakers was based as an arms-length and often-uneasy relationship with low paid, non-American workers. Key Issues Nike’s strategy of shaving costs caused ethical dilemmas that ultimately damaged its reputation. Nike outsources all of its manufacturing. This approach has provided Nike with huge profits, from a 1972 level of $60,000 to a startling $49 million in just 10 years. Production is now globalised, with different countries concentrating on different parts of the process depending on what they are good at, or what they can do most efficiently or cheaply. Poorer countries get the less lucrative activities such as lowly paid semi-skilled or unskilled production or assembly. This approach also allows Nike to keep an arms-length arrangement with its subcontractors, stating that, it is not they who employ cheap labor, but their contracted suppliers, hence the responsibility lies with the latter. Define the Problem  Nike has a difficult situation to resolve. Its strategy to use celebrity endorsements to develop a strong brand identity had the result that Nike became by the 1990s one of the world’s best known brands, as well as a global symbol of athleticism and urban cool. This situation began to change by 1998, when currency woes in Asia along with the damage to its image resulted in Nike experiencing a loss for the first time in 13 years. This strategy resulted in Nike requiring steep wage concessions from its subcontractors to continue its intense growth patterns. Nike has always paid the lowest possible wages in Indonesia, claiming year after year that it could not afford even to pay the country’s minimum wage. Each year, Nike contractors in Indonesia refused to pay minimum wage raises of a few cents a day. Thanks to a corrupt and inefficient government, they usually got away with it. Adding to this problem was the issue of child labor. Nike went into Pakistan, knowing full well that child labor is an ages-old practice there and taking no precautions whatsoever to prevent the use of child labor in the production of its soccer balls. We have to conclude that Nike expected to profit from its Pakistani contractors’ known usage of bonded child labor. Nike further tarnished its reputation by attempting to dilute information that had come to the attention of the general public regarding its practices, resulting in a lawsuit. Mike Kasky is suing Nike, Inc. Under California laws regulating unfair competition and false advertising. Kasky claims that when an internal audit was leaked to the press that revealed illegal employment practices in Nike’s factories in China, Vietnam, and Indonesia, Nike responded by issuing to the press numerous statements it knew to be false. The California courts ruled last year that Nike’s PR effort was meant to bolster its image and improve its sales – so indeed, it did amount to advertising, and, as such, it needed to be truthful. Alternative Solutions Nike must to enforce its own Code of Conduct with its subcontractors. This Code has been amended several times, but had been very general in its listing of business practices. Its current version stipulates many requirements that we take for granted, one of which is that a subcontractor certifies that it pays at least the minimum total compensation required by local law, including all mandated wages, allowances and benefits. Another option for Nike would be to contract with a U. S. shoe manufacturer. Although the benefit of having its suppliers overseas has been the low prices for the finished goods, Nike would gain an advantage by providing work for the people at home. Made in USA labels are very important to many Americans. Also, the combination of job creation and openness to providing equitable wages and benefits for its workers as required in this country could reduce the uproar about its labor practices, especially among the youth. In addition, Nike could incorporate at least one factory into a tourist attraction, providing visitors with the opportunity to tour the plant, learn the history of the company, and become more familiar with the products Nike produces, thus developing more customer loyalty. A third option for Nike would be to both enforce its Code of Conduct and invest at a high level in the countries where it has factories, and highly advertise those efforts. Regarding to Nike’s web site, since 1997, Nike, with help from several of its key partners, has supported micro-enterprise ventures in Asia, playing a small but significant and direct role in building and expanding the number of locally-owned businesses in mostly rural areas throughout the region. Nike has funded micro loans and provided technical assistance in Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, working with the Population and Community Development Association (PDA), Vietnamese Women’s Union and Opportunity International, respectively. The press has given faces to the people who have been affected by Nike’s contractors’ exploitation. Nike must rectify the damages by giving faces to the people who have been affected in a positive way by the loans and other assistance given to the local populations. This, coupled with Nike’s firm stance on the treatment of those making its goods, would help regain its lost positive image. In addition, this option would forge a stronger relationship with the countries where the factories producing Nike’s products are located. It would also help Nike’s subcontractors to entice and retain the best local employees, thus ensuring higher quality products. Selected Solutions to The Problem This change in how Nike will handle its operations has significant drawbacks. Closely adhering to its Code of Conduct will be very expensive for Nike. Nike’s success has been heavily driven by the aggressive stance it has taken on labor costs. In addition, Nike’s subcontractors have used the freedom given to them to provide Nike the labor expense level they expect while also allowing themselves to profit as well. Nike will now be monitoring their subcontractors’ workplaces and wage practices, which will place a strain on their relationship. This new focus for Nike will require the company to divert some of its attention from its main marketing focus to supervise the overseas operations. Expected Results An immediate benefit of this decision would be the good press it would generate that Nike would be willing to put pressure on its suppliers so that the people who produce its goods are treated fairly. Another benefit would be to align Nike’s suppliers’ actions with Nike’s vision as listed on its web site www. nike. com to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world†. This would include those employed by Nike because the company considers all people to be athletes. A third benefit would be to prevent work stoppage strikes that had previously affected the company in Indonesia. Positive and Negative Results This option would require Nike to make a major shift in its focus from having a limited, long-distance relationship with subcontractors to playing a more active role in the manufacture of its products due to the proximity of its suppliers. This significant change in how Nike does business would be very expensive, both in terms of the financial outlay and use of personnel. It would require a more direct involvement of the company in a portion of the business in which it has no first-hand experience, which would entail a considerable learning curve. This would result in major upheaval for the company, and a loss of confidence by investors. Nike would also lose the competitive edge of its competitors who have lower foreign wages. To reinstate the Nike image back to its earlier prominence, Nike would be wise to pursue the option to enforce its Code of Conduct, and invest in the countries in which its factories are located. The Code of Conduct should require unannounced audits of Nike’s factories at random, frequent time intervals to ensure compliance to rules and regulations. Equipment should be inspected to meet higher safety standards than would be required in the host country. For example, if the factory is located in Indonesia, the equipment should be inspected to be compliant to United States’ Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) safety standards. Doing so is above-and-beyond what may be considered reasonable† and should shed positive light on Nike’s effort. In addition, hiring documentation should be verified in the audits to assure that workers are of the appropriate age, and that children are not placed into the workforce. Subcontractors would be trained in cultural awareness and required to maintain consistent and reasonable management practices. This approach would be expensive for Nike. The company will also have to expend more energy to both monitor the manufacturing facilities and determine which small businesses to support, diverting its attention from the company’s primary focus of marketing its products and making a profit. In addition, making investments in other countries will help Nike relate in more personal ways to their local environments. This will make it more difficult for Nike to direct its subcontractors to move to another country when local labor wages have become too expensive. However, there would probably be no lack of interest if movement to new countries became necessary with Nike’s products so well known. It would ultimately hinder the company’s ability to be competitive with the other shoe manufacturers who use Indonesian labor.

Othello, By William Shakespeare - 1825 Words

William Shakespeare’s plays transcends time and is renowned for their captivating plots and complex characters. Othello by William Shakespeare is a tragedy play that portrays major themes such as racism, manipulation, and jealousy just to name a few. Throughout the whole play, these themes are represented through the conniving character from the play, Iago. Out of all the plays Shakespeare has written, Iago is believed to be the most complex villain of all times. During the play, Othello, a black military commander of the Venetian military of Italy and also a close trustworthy friend to Iago, gives Michael Cassio the general second commander spot instead of Iago. This angers Iago because he was expecting the position instead of Cassio, he†¦show more content†¦We know that he is The Moor, and has â€Å"thick lips† and is married to Desdemona, a white female, so by these descriptions we can sort of image a picture of how Othello would look like. He is also not on ce mentioned by his name, instead he is often referred to as â€Å"The Moor† (1.1.41), â€Å"thick lips† (1.1.68), and â€Å"a Barbary horse† (1.1.7). This is evil of Iago because Othello is a good and sincere friend to Iago and it is even worse because he is saying these rude comments behind his loyal friends back. Also, Iago is represented as pure evil because of his racist slurs towards Othello in this play because in Act 1, he shows that he is cruel and evil. During his conversation with Roderigo and Brabantio, Iago says, â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white eye. Arise, arise; awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a grandsire of you. Arise I say!† (1.1.9). As you can see, in that quotation Iago shows how racist he is by describing his fellow â€Å"friend† as an old black ram while waking up Brabantio with news that his daughter got married to a black man. Iago is manipulating Bra bantio’s fears into thinking that they are sleeping together as a result of having a baby that is a combination of both races. Furthermore, another example of Iago being evil is also in Act 1, when he expresses how much he hates Othello just because he did not give him the position of the job and then decides to destroy him. During his